众所周知,句子有若干个组成部分,它们分别承担着不同的作用,组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种。
一、主语——习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台
在句子中,主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
My school is planning to hold class meetings about Chinese traditional culture and will post some of the meetings on an English website. (名词作主语)(2021·全国甲卷书面表达)
To let China go to the world and let the world understand China is my first aim.(不定式短语作主语)(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)
What is the most impressive is its many multi-level waterfalls and colorful lakes.(what引导的主语从句作主语)(2021·3月天津卷书面表达)
It was shown that only ten percent of the students were able to be devoted to their study. (代词it充当形式主语,that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)(2020·北京高考书面表达)
名师点津:当从句作主语时,为避免头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(主语从句)后置。
二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征,常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词或动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”充当,有时态、语态和语气的变化,同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。谓语的构成如下:
1.简单谓语:由一个实义动词或动词短语构成。
They advised getting the whole class involved in a brainstorm conference for studying more effectively.(2020·北京高考书面表达)
The text mainly focuses on the story of a robot.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)
2.复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成;(2)由系动词加表语构成。
These stories can relieve my stress and broaden my horizon.
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷应用文写作)
Shy and negative,I was unconfident to join any activity during that time. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷应用文写作)